1. Hawker Siddeley Hs 748 Cockpit

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Avro 748 Series 1 at, Buenos Aires, in 1972 The original 748 design was started in 1958, after the ended most military manned-aircraft development in the UK, and Avro decided to re-enter the civilian market. The had the larger end of the short-haul market, and Avro therefore decided to design a smaller powered by two engines, intended to replace the many that were by then reaching the end of their economic lifespan. Original plans were for a 20–30 seat aircraft with a similar configuration to the, but talks with potential customers soon led to a low-wing 40-seat design being chosen for the 748 project. Avro was not the only company to see the potential for a DC-3 replacement, and by this point work on the 748's direct competitor, the turboprop, was well advanced. Avro therefore decided to compete by producing a more rugged design with better, allowing it to operate from smaller airports and those with rough surfaces.

This was accomplished with a long, and a unique with a hinged at the trailing edge. The wing was mounted low on the fuselage with from the root, allowing good overall ground clearance and easy mounting of strong. Other features of the 748 included an internal engine starting system, and systems and structures that were designed to be easy to inspect and repair in the field with limited equipment. The 748 was one of the first medium-sized aircraft to use in the structure, instead of the then common principles. Because of these features, the 748 quickly became popular (and still is today) with a variety of airlines operating in remote areas thanks to its ability to operate from short rough fields with no ground service equipment, hauling over 10,000nbsp:lb. The first Avro 748 flew from the company's aircraft factory on 24 June 1960, and testing of the two prototypes quickly proved the type's short-field performance. Eighteen Avro 748 Series 1 aircraft were produced, the first for being delivered in April 1962.

However, the majority of the series 1 were delivered to. By this point, Avro's individual identity within the Group had ended and the design became known as the HS 748. After the initial batch of series 1 aircraft, production switched to the series 2, similar to the series 1 but with more powerful RR Dart RDa 7 Mk 531 engines and increased gross weight.

In 1967 the series 2A was introduced, the same basic aircraft but with Mk. 532 engines and a further increase in gross weight. From 1971 on, a large freight door in the rear cabin and strengthened cabin floor were offered as options on the 2A.

In 1979 the Series 2B was introduced, with a 4-foot increase in, Mk 536-2 engines, a modernized passenger cabin, and improvements to the fuel,, and engine. In 1972, a Hawker Siddeley 748 was one of the last planes to be flown by noted aviator. He made several flights, accompanied by Hawker Siddeley test pilot Tony Blackman, using the company's Hatfield airport. The 748 Series 1 and Series 2 were also licence-produced in by (HAL) as the HAL-748. HAL built 89 aircraft in India, 72 for the and 17 for the. Hawker Siddeley used the HS 748 as the basis for their HS 780 Andover, a transport aircraft built for the Royal Air Force.

The HS 780 was essentially a 748 but with a redesigned rear and which included a large rear loading ramp and a squatting main landing gear to facilitate loading large freight items. Production of the HS 748 ended in 1988, by which time 380 were produced (including the Andover and HAL-748). Typical passenger seating in the HS 748 is for 40–48 seats (4 abreast), however most passenger HS 748s still in service are operated as quick change combis, with a movable dividing the main cabin, with 4 to 40 seats in the rear section and cargo in the forward section. The 748 is also widely used as a pure freighter with a typical max payload of about 12,000 lbs.

Several carriers use the 748 as a bulk fuel hauler, with either seven or eight fixed tanks in the cabin with a total capacity of about 7500 litres (2000 US Gallons). The designator as used in is A748. The basic price for a new Avro 748 Series 1 in 1960 was £176,000, with the corresponding Avro 748 Series 2 being £196,000. Variants [ ] • 748 Series 1 – The original Avro 748 twin-engined short / medium-range airliner, powered by two Rolls-Royce Dart RDa 7 Mk 514 turboprop engines. • 748 Series 2 – The Series 2 entered production in 1961 with a higher take-off weight and Mk 531 engines.

• 748 Series 2A – Introduced in 1967, with a further increase in take-off weight and Mk 532 or 534 engines. 157 built, making the 748 one of the more successful British airliners and the 2A the most popular variant. Download pega prpc software. • 748 Series 2B – The main production model after Hawker-Siddeley was absorbed by British Aerospace, the 2B featured a 4-foot increase in wingspan, increased gross weight, Mk 536 engines, a modernized cabin, and systems improvements. • Super 748 – Basically the same as the 2B but fitted with engine hush kits. • – Modified version of the 748 design for the Royal Air Force. Fitted with kneeling undercarriage, raised tail unit and rear loading ramp. External image Hi-res cutaway of BAe Coastguarder • Coastguarder – A maritime patrol version.

• 748 Andover – Military passenger transport versions of the 748. • HAL 748 – Licence production by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited at Bangalore India. Indian aircraft were later modified for a variety of roles including a trials aircraft for an version fitted with a large, known as the (ASP). • HAL 748 Series 2M – Production for the Indian Air Force (the last 20 built) were Series 2M aircraft with a large freight door.

Accidents and incidents [ ] • On 10 July 1965, Avro 748-101 Series 1 G-ARMV of was. The 51 people on board survived. This was the first accident that resulted in a write-off on an Avro 748 / HS748. • On 15 August 1967, two accidents involving HS-748-222 Series 2 aircraft of Channel Airways Limited, occurred roughly 90 minutes apart at Portsmouth Airport. In the first incident, G-ATEK, operating a scheduled service from Southend to Paris, via Portsmouth, landed in rainy conditions and was unable to stop in the available distance on the grass runway. The aircraft slid sideways, left the runway and stopped on an embankment. Some 90 minutes later, aircraft G-ATEH, operating a scheduled service from Jersey, via Guernsey to Portsmouth, landed and slid on the runway, crashed through a perimeter fence and came to rest on the main Eastern Road.

There were no injuries in either accident, but both aircraft sustained serious damage. An AIB investigation reported that 'both accidents were caused by inadequate braking which had resulted from the extremely low coefficient of friction provided by the very wet grass surface over the hard, dry and almost impermeable sub-soil'. • On 4 February 1970,, an Avro 748-105, crashed into the ground after the pilots lost control of the aircraft. The aircraft crashed at Loma Alta, and killed all 37 on board. • On 9 December 1971, Indian Airlines, an HS 748, near Chinnamanur was descending into Madurai when it flew into high terrain about 50 mi (80 km) from the airport, killing the four crew members and 17 passengers.

There were ten survivors among the passengers. The accident occurred in reduced visibility during daylight hours. • 20 January 1976 – a HS 748-246 Series 2A registration HC-AUE crashed while flying over mountainous terrain at 10,000 feet. The aircraft struck trees with its right wing, lost control and crashed into the side of the mountain. The plane was en route from Loja to in Guayaquil,. Six crewmembers and 28 passengers were killed; 8 passengers survived.

• 3 March 1978 – crashed on departure from, Venezuela, all 46 on board are killed. • 7 September 1978 – Air Ceylon HS 748 4R-ACJ destroyed by fire while parked at Colombo-Ratmalana, resulting from detonation of bomb placed on board by terrorists. There were no fatalities. • 31 July 1979 at Sumburgh Airport in the Shetland Islands, Scotland;, an HS 748 series 1 (registration G-BEKF) operating an oil industry support flight crashed. The aircraft failed to become airborne and crashed into the sea. The accident was due to the elevator gust-lock having become re-engaged, preventing the aircraft from rotating into a flying attitude.

Hawker Siddeley Hs 748 Cockpit

The aircraft was destroyed and 17 persons died from drowning. • 22 August 1979 – An (a former of the ), stole a military HS 748 () from a military hangar at the in, Colombia. According to the news, this person stole the aircraft with the intention of crashing it against his parents' house. After some minutes in the air, it ran out of fuel and crashed, killing the impromptu pilot and three people on the ground. • On 26 June 1981,, an HS 748 2A mail flight from to crashed at Nailstone killing the 3 crew members. While descending, the right-hand rear door detached, struck the horizontal tail plane and became lodged on its leading edge.

Control was lost, and the aircraft entered a steep dive. During the dive, the wings and tail plane failed due to overstressing. • On 19 August 1981, Flight 557, an HAL 748 (VT-DXF) overshot the runway at in wet weather. The aircraft came to a halt just beyond the runway edge. There were no fatalities but the damaged aircraft was written off.

One of the passengers on board was ex-Cabinet Minister for Law, Justice and Company Affairs in the Government of India. • 11 October 1983 – carrying 10 people crashed at night in a thunderstorm between Pinckneyville and Tamaroa, IL. The flight originated at Chicago's and had stopped at Springfield, IL. The left generator had failed after takeoff and the first officer had mistakenly isolated the right generator. Attempts to restore the right generator were unsuccessful. The captain elected to continue to the destination rather than return to the nearby airport. The cloud base was at 2000 feet MSL, but ATC could not provide an IFR below 3,000 feet just before the crash.